Friday, March 20, 2026

THE SAVE AMERICA ACT SAVES NOTHING

      “A Note on Election Fraud,” which I appended to a recent blog, prompted a response from Representative Rebecca Dow (R, District 38).  My note addresses the issue of voter fraud and ends with a challenge to those who insist that millions of people have voted fraudulently in recent presidential elections.  Perceiving an attack on her position, Dow responded with the politician’s defensive non-sequitur: “So you oppose voter I’d [sic].”

I replied that “I am not opposed to it [voter ID]; I had to ID myself the first time I registered to vote, about 60 years ago, and have had to ID myself every time I have relocated.  But the demands were relatively simple; I do not recall having to show either a birth certificate or a passport.  In fact, I cannot remember what I had to do to ID myself.  But the world was not then run by paranoids or poseurs claiming most people or large numbers of minority groups were trying to pass themselves off as citizens entitled to vote.”

 

In the course of our exchange, Dow maintained a position consistent with either the SAVE Act or the SAVE America Act.

 

I believe in one vote per one legal citizen.

As I understand the proposed federal bill, the bill would require documenting proof Us citizenship to register to vote in federal elections. Unless it’s been amended. Include includes things like US passport, birth certificate, or other official citizenship documentation [sic, seriatim]

I have zero issues with that [sic]

 

Apparently, Dow thinks that I or others believe that non-citizens or some citizens should have one or more votes.  I do not, I know no one who does, but I urge her to contact VP Vance, who would give people with children more than one vote.  She knows the documentation required for registering but not the documentation required for voting.  She knows or cares nothing about the consequences of these requirements.  She ignored my claim that these requirements might disenfranchise millions of potential voters, including millions of women whose names on their birth certificates and their passports or drivers licenses do not match because they took their husband's name when they married.  And she did not answer my questions about whether she approved of the consequences.  So there the exchange ended.

 

•      •      •

 

Now that the Senate is debating the SAVE America Act, people should understand its provisions.  Central is the requirement of would-be voters to provide documents proving U.S. citizenship—e.g., passport, birth certificate, or government-issued photo identification—when registering to vote and a photo identification when voting.  (There are other requirements, some relevant to elections, some not, like those dealing with transgender issues.  What is with Republicans’ obsession with sex and gender?)

 

The SAVE America Act means to be a legislative solution to the alleged problem of large-scale voter fraud, that is, millions of non-citizens voting in recent presidential elections.  The allegation defies all evidence and losses of 61 of 62 cases challenging the votes in the 2020 presidential election.  If there were millions of fraudulent votes cast, there would be abundant evidence of them.  Yet incidents of election fraud as measured by convictions are few.

 

My source of information is The Heritage Foundation, the conservative organization which developed Project 2025.  Its Election Fraud Map identifies five kinds of cases, each kind reflecting the disposition cases brought to court; it also identifies eleven kinds of election fraud, including false registration or impersonation fraud at the polls, the kinds for which personal identification is relevant.  For a sense of proportion, I used Wikipedia figures for the turnout in the eleven presidential election years from 1984 through 2024.  I tabulated the cases of fraud convictions in federal election years from 1982 through 2024.

 

 

 

 

All Elections: 1982-2024

 

 

Convictions for Federal Election-Year Fraud

Presidential Election Turnout

All Fraud

False Regis

Voter Impers

Alien Voter

 

1982

67

67

0

0

1984

92,654,861

1984

no data

 

1986

41

0

0

0

1988

91,586,725

1988

1

0

0

0

 

1990

no data

1992

104,600,366

1992

1

0

0

0

 

1994

4

0

0

0

1996

96,389,818

1996

2

0

0

0

 

1998

10

0

0

0

2000

105,405,100

2000

18

3

0

0

 

2002

11

2

0

0

2004

122,349,480

2004

31

2

1

0

 

2006

42

12

0

0

2008

131,406,895

2008

43

21

0

0

 

2010

119

23

0

0

2012

129,139,997

2012

83

9

0

0

 

2014

72

17

0

0

2016

136,669,237

2016

71

10

3

no data

 

2018

87

17

0

0

2020

158,427,986

2020

31

7

2

no data

 

2022

94

9

9

no data

2024

155,240,955

2024

43

23

1

1

 

 

total

1,323,871,420

total

871

222

16

1

 

The number of all convictions for fraud in the nation are a miniscule fraction of the total number of votes cast.  There is no reason to think that millions of undetected incidents of false registration or voter impersonation at the polls have occurred in red and blue states.  Again, the cases brought to challenge 2020 election results produced no evidence of voter fraud.  From 1982 through 2024, New Mexico had a total of 8 cases of fraud, of which 3 were of false registration and 1 was of impersonation fraud at the polls.  Such is the magnitude of the problem.

 

Only in the minds of the intellectually diseased (ID) or ideologically driven (ID) would such numbers suggest a problem at all, much less a demented effort to eliminate it entirely by draconian methods.  No reasonable solution of a “problem” of only about 240 convictions out of about 2 billion votes cast in federal elections for false registration and voter impersonation would propose the possible disenfranchisement of many millions—the common estimate is 21 million—of potential voters.  Yet the proposed SAVE America Act is just that unreasonable.  For each conviction for fraud, thousands—87,500—would be hindered from voting.  In short, the solution is many times worse than the problem—a clear symptom of an ID malady.

 

In practical terms, the proposed legislation would accomplish this disenfranchisement by making registering and voting expensive or inconvenient or both.  The central requirement of prospective voters to provide proof of identification places unreasonable demands on millions of people who do not have a passport, a birth certificate, or a government-issued photo identification.  Many cannot afford passports ($165) or birth certificates (around $10) or cannot obtain them (birth certificates never issued, lost, destroyed, remote); many have documents which are inconsistent (a woman’s name on a birth certificate might not match her name on a passport or driver’s license because of a name change at marriage).  For all, these requirements can be burdensome; for the poor, these costs amount to a poll tax.

 

Given the basic inanity of the SAVE America Act, the question is why Republicans—locally, surely among others, Rebecca Dow—support such an absurd legislative proposal.  There is only one answer: the desire to disenfranchise the millions of poor, minority, handicapped, or women voters who they believe vote for Democrats.  Which is to say, as we know, that Republicans are anti-democratic (lower-case d) types who believe that government rests on the consent of some, not all, of the governed because they do not believe that all people are created politically equal.

 

Since the end of World War II, the German government has outlawed the Nazi, communist, and similar parties.  Yet Germany is still regarded as a democracy.  Perhaps the best hope for the continued success of democracy in America is a ban on the Republican and associated parties.  For now, the best that we can do is to vote Republicans or at least Republicans like Rebecca Dow out of office and not vote them into office in the first place.  Denying them political power is exactly what they deserve for trying to deny political power to others.

Friday, March 13, 2026

TRUMP'S MARCH MADNESS

      On the last day of February, Donald J. Trump ordered US forces to attack Iran, with a focus on assassinating Ayatollah Ali Khamenei.  The attack occurred while the US was negotiating with Iran about its nuclear and missile programs, and its support for terrorist groups.  Iran had made major concessions, but amateur negotiators Steve Witcoff and Jared Kushner were unimpressed.  The attack on Iran occurred between the second and third rounds of talks.  My first thought was a similar occurrence, the Japanese attack on Pearl Harbor during its negotiations with the US.  The next day, President Roosevelt stressed the perfidy of the Japanese in talking while an attack was being prepared and then launched.  To hear the new Iran leader rule out talks because of Iran’s bitter experiences in negotiating with the US makes clear that America is now seen as perfidious.  Other countries will also distrust America in negotiations.

Friday, March 6, 2026

SCHOLARLY EXPLORATIONS AND DISCOVERIES IN SHAKESPEARE

 [Note: This blog is a change from recent blogs on bad news at the federal and local levels, a change which I imagine many of my readers will appreciate.  However, it might not be the change which they would want; it requires some familiarity with two of Shakespeare’s major tragedies, Macbeth and King Lear, and some interest in scholarship and its importance.  I take the risk of losing many readers because I also needed a change and thus resorted to subjects which have engaged me for years.] 

Recently, a friend of mine expressed horrified incredulity that anyone—of course, she meant me—would be a Shakespeare scholar.  I was so surprised that I stammered an answer which I cannot now remember.  We went back to watching a men’s college basketball game and our drinks.  Afterwards, I pondered what sensible response I could make to the many people who scorn researching, writing, and publishing articles and books on sometimes arcane or trivial literary topics as far removed from the world of consequential events.

 

There are two main replies to my friend’s horrified incredulity.  First, if not an academic, a Shakespeare scholar is simply a hobbyist, like a gardener, a quilter, a stamp collector, a participant in battlefield reenactments, anyone who finds inherent interest in his pastime.  As an independent scholar, I enjoyed Shakespeare’s plays, read them with an eye to what other scholars had ignored or overlooked, and liked asking questions and answering them for myself and others.  One “discovery” of mine, to be discussed below, is “godsonne,” a word appearing only once in Shakespeare’s works.  In the many editions which I have consulted, no editor (and no scholar or critic—I use the words interchangeably) comments on this unique occurrence.  But Shakespeare must have meant something by it in King Lear.

 

Second, a Shakespeare scholar can be one committed to advancing human understanding and cultural enlightenment.  Addressing the foremost literary writer in western civilization can—and, I think, should—be a moral undertaking with both aesthetic and ethical ends.  Literary criticism of Shakespeare’s plays should be a cogent exposition of what is artful and insightful in his representation of a selection of the human experience, with the aim of developing a reader’s sympathy with, if not acceptance of, people unlike themselves in societies and cultures which might be unlike their own.  In a world shrunk by technologies of communications and transportation, the success of scholarship to these ends is not a negligible contribution to humankind.  I offer some of my scholarly works as examples of either the hobbyist or the aesthetic and ethical impulses of my Shakespearean scholarship.

 

Three of my publications are those of the hobbyist.  They address issues arising in the peculiarities of an unusual Elizabethan dramatic manuscript known as The Book of Sir Thomas More, three pages of which some attribute to Shakespeare.  One is a note which attempts to sort the loose manuscript pages into the order of composition and only indirectly concerns any role which Shakespeare might have had in the play, which, by the way, was never performed.  The attempt required a careful study of the watermarks and chain lines of the folio pages—nothing hair-raising about that research or its results.

 

The other two are articles, 40 years apart, which address the handwriting of those three pages.  Both articles are part of an intense scholarly debate with high stakes in a small field.  The debate is between traditional scholars and Anti-Stratfordians, who believe in Anyone But Shakespeare as the author of the plays conventionally attributed to him.  ABS types have offered more than 80 alternatives!  Whether Shakespeare’s handwriting appears in these three pages is critical.  Traditional scholars argue that the handwriting is his—which proves that Shakespeare authored the plays attributed to him—, and ABSers deny it and thus leave room to deny his authorship.  My position is a lonely one between the two sides.  My 1975 article challenged traditional scholars’ attribution to Shakespeare by arguing that there is no basis for comparing the handwriting of Shakespeare’s six signatures and the handwriting in the three manuscript pages.  Traditionalists take less comfort from my article than ABSers do, both sides regard it as sine qua non in the field.  Then, 15 years later, my article was itself tacitly challenged by a distinguished paleographer at the Folger Shakespeare Library in Washington, D.C.  Circumstances kept me from reading his article for 25 years; when I did, it appalled me.  I reacted by writing a comprehensive refutation of old arguments reiterated and of new arguments reflecting sophistry, both kinds accepted by the unwary or unwise.  Pointedly, the editor of the Shakespeare Quarterly, a Folger Library publication, placed it first in the 2016 summer issue.  I am proud of both articles, but neither is going to enlarge or enhance anyone’s appreciation of humankind.  They do, however, disabuse scholars of an untenable approach to the authorship question.  It is my belief that there is enough strong evidence for the traditional attribution that it need not rely on—indeed, is weakened by—spurious arguments to prop it up.  They also spoil the fun or dissipate the profit of the worst kind of pedant who proliferates quibbles for publications; one actually criticized me for my scrupulous attention to fact.

 

Aside from a few articles which directly address challenges to Shakespeare’s authorship, most of my other articles and my one book, Shakespearean Tragedy as Chivalric Romance, address issues about the meaning of some of his plays.  My scholarship rests on an approach which has been out of fashion—indeed, distinctively unfashionable—for half a century.  Instead of interpreting his plays for relevancy in terms of race, gender, and class, I avoid ulterior motives by relying on a literary tradition still popular in Shakespeare’s time: English chivalric romance.  Its motifs serve as a language to convey meaning.  Reviews of my book grudgingly acknowledge the merit of its interpretations but criticize them for not following current critical fashion.  Not blinded by fashion, but following evidence in the texts as a scholar should, I made discoveries which support my innovative interpretations.  I offer two examples, one from Macbeth, the other from King Lear.

 

Heretofore, all scholars of Macbeth have regarded the long scene between Malcolm and Macduff as irrelevant to the play except as didactic discourse on the ideal king, a pause before the rapid action of the final act, or padding for an already short play.  This criticism struck me as impertinent.  I did not believe that Shakespeare devoted over a tenth of his shortest tragedy to an unimportant scene since length is a sign of importance.  Concurrently, scholars have found Malcolm to be “a milksop” or a “voice” of political platitudes.  Yet, when he first appears, probably in battered armor, he credits the sergeant who fought against his captivity as he fought at great risk against rebels.  Later, when he meets with Macduff in the English Court, he utters lines overlooked by these critics; he claims that he would “tread upon the tyrant’s [Macbeth’s] head,/Or wear it on my sword”—claims implying his ability to defeat Macbeth in combat and which Macduff silently accepts as plausible.  Much is at stake in this scene.  It is the turning point in the exile-and-return motif of chivalric romances in which the legitimate heir proves his worth to succeed a dispossessed father.  Malcolm’s test of Macduff’s loyalty is really a test of Malcolm’s acumen in ascertaining the reality of loyalty beneath the appearance of it, a test necessary to demonstrate his superiority to his father, who lacked such insight.  Malcolm succeeds and prevents the prospect, had he failed, of history repeating the past, of a treacherous thane overthrowing a legitimate king.  The scene also dramatizes the struggles of two worthy men deeply concerned about the welfare of their country but suspicious of each other to find ways to overcome their distrust.  Not to recognize Malcolm’s complete success is to undermine his triumphant ascendancy and to insinuate that the kingship remains vulnerable to betrayal.  The difference between these competing views of the play is the difference between Shakespeare’s affirmation of the succession of kings leading to James I and modern cynicism about political success.

 

Return we now, in a round-about way, to “godsonne.”  Such a cynicism taints most interpretations of the end of King Lear, which most scholars view as dominated by the pathos of Lear’s death with his dead daughter in his arms and the apparent nihilism of it all.  My scholarly approach does not dismiss the power of his grief, but it does dismiss the idea of nihilism.  The last scene has much more to it than his agony and nothingness.  Even in his grief, Lear, said not to know himself, reveals in a moment of triumph an important part of his personal identity and establishes the terms of recovery and restoration of the kingdom.  That much more is the clustering of motifs from chivalric romance which lead to the recovery and restoration of right rule in England from the forces led by Edmund, Goneril, and Regan.

 

At its beginning, the play establishes two plots involving fathers and their children: Lear with Goneril, Regan, and Cordelia; Gloucester with Edmund and Edgar.  The older children are villains who undermine the younger sibling.  Critics note the parallels between the two plots but discount Edgar because his platitudes make him appear to be someone not to be taken seriously.  So they ignore the decisive fight between the two brothers.  Appearing as an unknown knight—the scene makes much of his concealed identity—, Edgar defeats Edmund.  By doing so in single combat, Edgar establishes his identity as a family member and settles issues of governance between rivals to power—all according to chivalric romance motifs.

 

Then Lear, sent for as an afterthought, enters, howling in grief.  He claims he might have saved Cordelia, but the only justice he could attain was to kill the man who hanged her.  When an attendant vouches that he did so, Lear speaks up with pride: “Did I not, fellow?/I have seen the day, with my good biting falchion [a machete-like sword often curved]/I would have made him skip”—thus identifying himself in his youth as a knight.  Scholars have ignored Lear’s self-identification and Edgar’s knightly performance: Lear a knight, Edgar a knight, both bound by the moral and religious guidance of godfather to “godsonne.”  Edgar’s succession to the throne vanquishes the idea of nihilism and promises better rule for England.

 

I need not claim that my scholarship is impeccable and my interpretations infallible.  I need claim only that nothing discussed above justifies horrified incredulity.  What has been gained by my scholarship?  Something, but nothing earth-shattering.  A better understanding of two of Shakespeare’s greatest tragedies.  An appreciation of a contemporary perspective from contemporary cultural materials—a start to understanding others, not contemplating ourselves in our parochial terms.  I am a small-d democrat, but I can admit that Macbeth and King Lear demonstrate that, in specific times and places, reasonable people can respect, even revere, monarchy.  I know that I can live in a world with democracies and monarchies if their people accept them.

Friday, February 20, 2026

STATE OF THE LAS CRUCES PUBLIC SCHOOLS AND TWO SUGGESTIONS

      In May, Superintendent Ignacio Ruiz delivered an end-of-the-year State-of-the-District address.  I have not heard or read it, but I have no doubt that it pleased everyone.  I imagine it to run along the lines of, every day, in every way, the District is doing better and better.  In response to my recent speech to the School Board and my follow-up blog, senior District personnel have invited me to make my suggestions for improvement.